英文學習 否定字首或前綴 Negative Prefixes: IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-
大家都說中文很難，其實英文也很難，難在於要背的單字太多了。每次記得了這個，就忘記了那個，就算使出了洪荒之力，也毫無寸功。但要不費吹灰之力記憶英文單字的方法也是有的，今天就跟大家分享這個方法。
英文單字的組成是有規則可遵循的，比如說肯定詞與否定詞。在某些單字前面加上幾個字母，那麼肯定詞就會變成否定詞。所以大家只要記住這些規則，就不需要使出洪荒之力來背這些單字了。
最常見的是在肯定詞前面加上這些字母：in-, im-, il-, ir-，這些字母我們稱之為否定字母或前綴。其實還有很多啦，不過這5種是最常見的，只要記住這些，一般會話或文章使用上就足夠了。
Lesson 1 in-
首先，第一種是 in -，重音在in-，通常用在除了”i, u”以外的母音子音開頭的單字。常見的單字如下表：
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Examples |
|
Complete 完整的 |
Incomplete 不完整的 |
She bought me the complete dramatic works of Brecht for my birthday.
The decision was based on incomplete or inaccurate information. |
|
Correct 正確的 |
Incorrect 不正確的 |
Your information is correct but you left out one thing.
The assumptions made about the economy's rate of growth proved to be incorrect. |
|
Efficient 有效率的 |
Inefficient 沒有效率的 |
The city's transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe.
Existing methods of production are expensive and inefficient. |
|
Formal 官方的、正式的 |
Informal 非官方的、非正式的 |
The US lodged a formal protest against the arrest of the foreign reporters.
The two groups agreed to hold an informal meeting. |
|
Human 人類的 |
Inhuman 非人的（不人道的） |
Victory in the war was achieved at the cost of great human suffering
Prisoners of war were subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment. |
|
Secure 有安全感的、牢固的 |
Insecure 無安全感的、不牢靠的 |
The museum has been promised $22 million by the government, so its future is relatively secure.
The situation is still insecure, with many of the rebels roaming the streets. |
|
Visible 看得見的 |
Invisible 看不見的 |
You should wear something light-coloured when you're cycling at night so that you're more visible. The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar. |
|
Accurate 準確的 |
Inaccurate 不準確的 |
We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes.
Their estimate of the cost of the project was wildly (= extremely) inaccurate. |
|
Eligible 有資格的 |
Ineligible 無資格的 |
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
He was declared ineligible for the competition because he worked for the company that ran it. |
|
Organic 有機的 |
Inorganic 無生物的、無機的 |
The restaurant only uses organic ingredients.
The meteorites contained only inorganic material. |
|
Decent 正派的 （有穿衣服） |
Indecent 下流的 （沒有穿衣服） |
I thought he was a decent person.
She accused him of making indecent suggestions to her.
|
|
Sane 神智正常的 |
Insane 瘋癲的 |
In the doctor's opinion he was sane at the time of the murder.
For the last ten years of his life he was clinically insane. |
|
Direct 直接的 |
Indirect 間接的
|
There is a direct link/connection between smoking and lung cancer.
Indrect effects of the war include disease and food shortage. |
|
Justice 公正，公平，正義 |
Injustice 不公正，不公平，不正義
|
There's no justie in the world when people can can be made to suffer like that.
They were aware of the injustices of the system. |
|
Finite 有限的，有盡的
|
Infinite 無限的，無盡的 |
The funds available for the health services are finite and we cannot afford to waste money.
The universe is theoretically infinite. |
注意：有許多字本來就是以in – 開頭的，那些不是否字字首（前綴）。
例如：incline （使）傾向於，indulge縱容、放縱，insist 堅稱、強調，invoke借助、喚起（記憶）等等，不是in- 前綴。
有個例外就是famous 及infamous，這兩個字的意思都是出名的，但famous 的出名是以好、善而出名，而infamous的出名則是以惡而出名的，中文意思是聲名狼藉。
好了，第一課就上到這裡，下一堂課再見囉！
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